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行政证明行为的可诉性探析/张玉英

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-06-03 01:28:08  浏览:9782   来源:法律资料网
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  摘要:近年来,司法实践中出现了许多关于行政证明行为的行政诉讼案件,各地法院的做法不一致,有的作为行政诉讼案件受理,而有的则予以驳回,但这些案件都反映了行政证明行为可诉性的相关问题。行政证明行为的可诉性在理论上具有探讨的价值,行政证明行为的可诉性到底有无法理依据?影响可诉性的因素是什么,对其审查标准如何界定?本文将对上述问题作简要探讨。


  随着我国法治建设的不断推进和服务型政府的建立,新兴行政行为层出不穷。例如,行政机关和某些非政府组织就特定的事实状态、权属关系等做出明确宣示并出具相应证明的行为,在行政管理实践中大量存在。这些具有公信力的证明活动对于维护社会秩序、促进物权流转起到了促进作用,但是由这种证明行为引发的纠纷也逐渐增多。

  一、实践引发的思考

  案例一:原告夏善荣系徐州市奎山乡关庄村村民,因旧城改造,原有房屋被拆除。1999年7月,其与奎山乡关庄村委会签订《拆迁协议书》,约定在世纪花园住宅小区为夏善荣安置住房。2001年5月8日,恒信房产公司向被告徐州市建设局申请竣工综合验收。2001年6月18日,徐州市建设局在组织专家现场验收后,为恒信房产公司颁发了15号验收合格证书。原告夏善荣却认为,被告验收时世纪花园住宅小区尚未安装电表,明显不具备竣工合格条件,被告却为第三人颁发验收合格证,严重损害原告利益,请求判令撤销被告颁发的15号验收合格证。

  在该案的一审、二审中,法院作出了维持徐州市建设局作出的具体行政行为的判决,直到在再审阶段,江苏省高院以无论世纪花园住宅小区所在的土地是国有还是集体所有,徐州市建设局都必须依其享有的职权才能对该住宅小区组织综合竣工验收,属于依法行使职权行为,且在竣工综合验收后颁发的15号验收合格证,直接影响到了世纪花园住宅小区居民的利益,属于使相对人权益受到损害的行为为由,认定徐州市建设局颁发15号竣工验收合格证系依法履行职权,且对相对人具体权益产生影响的具体行政行为,属于可诉事项,否定了原审第三人恒信房产公司认为徐州市建设局对世纪花园颁发验收合格证的行为不属于行政诉讼受案范围的主张。

  案例二:一律师因代理一起继承案件的需要,持介绍信向某派出所调查对方当事人赵某与案外人赵某某的户籍信息。经查阅相关档案,派出所出具了一份赵某的户籍证明,并在户籍证明的备栏中注明赵某某与赵某系父子关系。律师将此份有利于其当事人的户籍证明交至法庭后,赵某随即向法院提起行政诉讼,并以派出所出具的户籍证明形式违法且内容缺乏事实依据为由,请求法院判令撤销。对于本案是否属于法院受案范围,有人认为,户籍证明不给当事人创设新的权利义务即对当事人的权益没有影响,根据《最高人民法院关于执行〈中华人民共和国行政诉讼法〉若干问题的解释》第一条第(六)项的规定,此类案件不属于人民法院行政诉讼的受案范围,故应裁定不予受理。而笔者认为该户籍证明以国家公权力证实了赵某某与赵某的身份关系,属证明身份关系的行政证明行为,且对行政相对人的权利义务有实质性影响,故具有可诉性。

  那么,行政机关出具相关证明的行为是否属于行政诉讼的受案范围,行政证明行为的性质如何界定,是否属于行政诉讼的受案范围,行政证明行为是否具有可诉性,其可诉性的依据是什么?这些问题一直受到司法界和学术界的高度关注,在司法实践中,各地法院对证明性行政行为是否属人民法院行政诉讼的受案范围的标准也不一样,对证明性行政行为的可诉性,有的法院按行政案件受理,有的法院将证明性行政行为拒之门外。人民法院行政诉讼受案范围的不统一,在司法实践中造成了一定的混乱。

  二、行政证明行为可诉性的理论基础

  (一)行政证明行为的概念及性质界定

  行政证明行为是指行政机关证实相对人权利或者具有法律意义的资格以及事实的行为,是行政机关依职权或应申请,对法律上的事实、性质、权利、资格或者关系进行的甄别和认定,包括鉴定、认定、鉴证、公证、证明等。[1]这一定义为国内多数学者所接受。但这一定义并不能清楚的将其与行政确认、准行政行为等概念界定开,有过大、过全之嫌,笔者认为,这与对行政证明行为性质的认定有关。目前理论界普遍认为行政证明行为从属于其他一些行政行为,这是对行政证明行为地位的降低,是对行政证明行为地位的忽略。[2]笔者认为,行政证明行为是一种独立的具体行政行为。在这些行政行为中,与行政证明行为最难区分的是行政确认行为。笔者认为两者的主要区别在于:是否创设新的法律关系,是否仅系对原有法律关系的重新证明。就行政确认而言,它将创设新的法律关系,如颁发结婚证,虽然事实上当事人的婚姻状态已经存在,国家只不过以公权力的形式予以承认,但就是通过给当事人颁发结婚证,宣告了当事人之间法律上婚姻关系的成立,而非以前的事实婚姻关系。但是如果男女双方在领取结婚证后又丢失,请求民政部门的婚姻登记机构开具证明,婚姻登记机构开具证明的行为,则属于行政证明行为。另外,对于公证行为,随着《中华人民共和国公证法》的出台,公证机构的性质得以明确,该法第六条明确规定:公证机构是依法设立、不以营利为目的,依法独立行使公证职能,承担民事责任的证明机构。至此,当事人对于公证行为不服的,一律采用民事诉讼的方式予以解决,公证行为的行政不可诉性得到了立法的统一。

  因此,行政证明行为是不同于其他具体行政行为的一种独立的行政行为。它的最主要特征是具有证明性,这种证明性体现在其对相对人权利义务的非设定性,即行政证明行为不赋予相对人权利,也不为相对人创设义务,只是以证书、证件等形式,为相对人证明涉及人身、财产或其他相关事项。这种证明行为产生的法律效果是间接的还是直接的,不产生直接法律效果是否就是不产生实际影响,理论界一直存有分歧。直接法律效果主要指行政行为与相对人权利义务的增减得失存在直接联系,实际影响则指行政行为已经对相对人权益造成损害而言。行政行为的直接法律效果可能产生实际影响,但实际影响并不都是由具有直接法律效果的行为产生的,某些行政行为尽管并不直接设定相对人的权利义务,但却可能对相对人的权益产生实际影响。而行政证明行为是大多数登记行为或其他行为的一个前提条件,现实生活中较多的是对身份、学历、财产状况、资信情况、履历情况、婚姻状况、健康状况、家庭状况等的证明。证明的后面,往往存在一个潜在的行为,对当事人的权利,如就业权、知情权、婚姻权等进行处分或规制。如果行政机关违法或者滥用证明权,必然给相对人带来利益上的损害。基于信赖行政行为合法而取得的利益应当受到保护的原则,如因行政证明的违法而导致后续行政行为的撤销,行政机关对于错误的证明行为承担法律责任是毋庸置疑的。正如有学者所述:“以‘间接的形式’加强了新的主体对相关事实处分的效果,或者对抗该效果时,就意味着开始对权利义务产生直接的、实质性影响,这时它就具有了可诉性。”[3]

  (二)行政证明行为可诉性的概念及影响因素

  可诉性是指行为是否属于“可诉行为范围”。行政证明行为的可诉性是指人民法院对行政主体的行政证明行为是否拥有司法审查权,或者说公民、法人或其他组织对行政主体的哪些行政证明行为可以向人民法院提起诉讼。可见,行政证明行为的可诉性与法院的受案范围密切相关。而法院受理行政案件的范围,是行政诉讼法首要解决的重要问题。在行政诉讼制度中,由于受案范围“规定着司法权对行政监督和制约的程度,标志着行政法律中相对人诉权的范围,也规定着行政终局裁决权的范围。”[4]因此,行政诉讼受案范围的确定,对不同的诉讼主体有着不同的意义。对于相对人来说,行政诉讼的受案范围意味着相对人行使行政起诉权的范围,有学者称之为“可起诉范围”,[5]相对人只有对属于受案范围内的行政行为,才享有起诉权,可以提起行政诉讼;如果对不属于受案范围内的行政行为提起行政诉讼,则人民法院不予受理。对于行政机关或被授权组织而言,则意味着哪些行政行为要接受人民法院的司法审查,对法定受案范围内的行政行为,行政机关有义务接受审查。对于人民法院而言,行政诉讼的受案范围标志着人民法院行使审判权的范围,即人民法院对哪些行政案件享有司法管辖权,有权对哪些行政行为进行合法性的判断与裁决。只有在行政诉讼受案范围内的行政行为,人民法院才有权对之加以审查;对于无法律或法规授权人民法院进行审查的行政行为或事项,人民法院无权进行裁判。[6]从《行政诉讼法》颁布以来的实施情况看,现行行政诉讼受案范围的规定过于狭窄,对可诉行政行为的界定不尽合理,因此近年来对进一步扩大行政诉讼受案范围的呼声越来越高。

  我国《行政诉讼法》第 2条规定:“公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关和行政机关工作人员的具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益,有权向人民法院提起诉讼。”这一条是采用概括式方式确定了我国行政诉讼的受案范围,在该法第 11 条、第12条采取列举式方式规定了属于行政诉讼受理的各种具体行政案件。此外,我国现行法律和司法解释也进一步规定了可诉行政行为的种类。从这些规定可以看出,只要行政行为对相对人产生了实际影响,侵犯了当事人的合法权益,该行政行为就应当属于行政诉讼的受案范围。但这种列举加排除的立法模式既不能为人民法院受理行政案件提供明确的标准,又不能有效地保障公民的合法权益和对行政行为的监督。虽然《最高人民法院关于执行〈中华人民共和国行政诉讼法〉若干问题的解释》第1条的规定已经在很大程度上克服了行政诉讼法本身关于受案范围规定的缺陷,但仍然存在很多不足,集中体现在两处:一是“国家行政职权”的表述过于狭窄,无法有效涵盖大量实际承担公共任务的非政府组织的活动,从而限制了受案范围的拓展;二是将内涵、外延本来就不确定的“行政行为”概念作为确定受案范围的实质标准,也有可能导致大量对相对人权利义务产生,实际影响的公权力活动被排除在受案范围之外。

  三、行政证明行为可诉的必要性和可行性分析

  (一)必要性  

  1.行政证明行为具有侵权的可能性

  行政权是一种最直接最广泛最经常影响公民权益的权力,是最大可能存在着滥用的权力。随着市场经济的发展,各种证明在日常生活中发挥着越来越大的作用。行政证明行为虽然不直接为相对人创设权利义务,但行政证明行为是行政机关行使职权的众多行政行为中的一种,具有法定的公信力,可以加强社会秩序的稳定,给公民带来方便和安全,但另一方面,行政权的权力性质决定了其不可避免地会导致或多或少的权力滥用和不当行使,给公民的权利、自由带来威胁。一旦申请人以其获得的行政证明作为证据来对抗善意的第三人时,行政证明便会直接影响到当事人的权益。行政证明行为也和其他行政行为一样具有强制性特点。行政证明行为虽然是柔性的,但不能排除其强制性的本质特征。其强制性表现为行政主体做出意思表示的法定性,即行政机关做出行政行为是根据法律而不是根据双方的意思表示。相对人和社会公众对行政证明行为必须服从和配合。行政证明行为实质是一种公权力的宣告,行政证明行为一旦作出,必然成为其后一系列行为的法定依据,以这些证明为依据作出的行为必将影响到相对人的利益,比如对亲属关系的确认可能影响到被确认人继承权的享有等。行政证明行为也是一种具有影响力的行政行为,它虽然不直接作用于相对人,但由于行政权力特有的影响力使得相对人在利用行政证明的过程中受到行政证明内容的影响,从而直接影响了相对人的种种权益。由此可见,行政证明行为侵权的可能性必然存在。

  2.行政相对人的权利需要救济

  行政证明行为具有侵权的可能性,有侵权就需要有救济,这是法学中的公理。在社会生活中,凡是侵犯他人权利,给他人利益造成损害的行为,不论是一般公民还是行政主体,都应当通过诉讼的方式来分清责任,使受害者得到应有的赔偿。行政法应该着眼于保障公民的合法权益不受行政机关违法行政行为的侵犯,当公民受到不法行政行为损害时,为他提供充分的救济。而我国的行政诉讼立法虽然经过了二十多年的发展,但是随着社会主义市场经济的发展和公民法治意识的提高,立法与审判实践显然已经无法满足对行政诉讼受案范围方面新的时代要求。实践中,因行政证明行为而受到实际影响的相对人的权利同样需要通过诉讼的方式加以救济,因此,规定行政证明行为可诉具有现实的必要性

  (二)可行性分析

  1.具有可诉性的现实条件

  行政行为的种类以及行为对相对人的影响对于行政证明行为具有重要意义。世界上不同国家对可诉行政行为的规定是不尽相同的。美国《联邦行政程序法》第701节规定了司法审查的范围,除法律排除司法审查及对行政机关的自由裁量行为不能进行司法审查外,其他行政行为均可接受司法审查。不能审查的行为只是例外,而且例外的情况越来越少。[7]在日本,一般认为,关于政治性或经济性政策的适当与否,以及有关艺术性或学术性评价的争议,不宜由司法机关来判断。台湾新行政诉讼法第二条规定“公法上之争议,除法律另有规定外,得依本法提起行政诉讼。”其对行政诉讼受案范围采用的是概括主义,即只要明示公法上争议事件,均可提起各种类型的行政诉讼。但性质上属于公法争议的,有特别规定者,仍可由其他法院审判。[8]这说明,行政证明行为的可诉并非存在多大的理论障碍,只不过是各国不同选择的结果。至于如何选择,是由一个国家的政治、经济、文化及法治状况所决定的,如行政机关行使职权的状况及自我约束机制;司法机关解决争议的能力以及公民权利、自主意识发展的程度等。就我国目前而言,行政机关拥有广泛的行政权,自我约束的能力不强,机制不完善。公民权利、法律意识虽已有较大程度地改观,但对行政权力还有一种天生的膜拜,行政权力的无形威慑无处不在。另一方面,行政诉讼经过二十多年的运行,法官的素质、法官进行行政审判的知识与经验以及法院开展行政审判的设备与条件等都足以胜任行政诉讼案件的审理。行政机关的执法水平、法律意识,公民的法律知识、法治观念、现行政治、经济体制等所有这一切都决定了在我国有必要且有现实可能将行政证明行为纳入行政诉讼的受案范围。

  2.具有可诉性的法律条件

  我国《行政诉讼法》第 2 条规定:公民、法人或其他组织认为行政机关和行政机关工作人员的具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益,有权依照本法向人民法院提起诉讼。从这条规定可以看出,只要相对人“认为”行政机关的行政行为侵犯其合法权益的,均可提起诉讼。而且对于相对人所受的损害也并非要求是由行政行为的直接侵犯所致,即并未排除可能是间接影响所造成的,那么,就可以理解为只要相对人认为其所受损害是因为行政机关的行政证明行为而导致的均可以向法院起诉。而我国《行政诉讼法》第 12 条所列举的若干不属于行政诉讼受案范围的事项也并未明确地将行政证明行为包括在其中,这一定程度上也为行政证明行为的可诉提供了法律依据。
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中华人民共和国对外国籍船舶管理规则(附英文)

交通部


中华人民共和国对外国籍船舶管理规则(附英文)

(一九七九年八月二十五日国务院批准)

总则
第一条 为维护中华人民共和国的主权,维持港口和沿海水域的秩序,保证航行安全,防止水域污染,特制定本规则。
第二条 在中华人民共和国港口和沿海水域航行的外国籍船舶(以下简称船舶)应遵守本规则以及中华人民共和国一切有关法令、规章和规定。中华人民共和国政府设置在港口的港务监督认为有必要对船舶进行检查时,船舶应接受检查。
本规则所称沿海水域是指属于中华人民共和国的内水和领海以及国家规定的管辖水域。

第一章 进出港和航行
第三条 船长或船舶所有人应在船舶预定到达港口一星期之前,通过外轮代理公司填具规定的表报,向港务监督办理进口申请批准手续,并在到达港口之前二十四小时(航程不足二十四小时的,在驶离前一港口时),将预计到港时间,前、后吃水等情况通过外轮代理公司向港务监督报告。如预计到港时间有变化,应随时报告。船舶在航行途中,因遇险、发生故障、船员或旅客患急病等特殊情况,需临时进港或返航,应事先向港务监督报告。
第四条 船舶进出港口或在港内航行、移泊,必须由港务监督指派引航员引航。有关引航的具体事项,应按照中华人民共和国交通部颁发的《海港引航工作规定》办理。
第五条 船舶抵港后,应即呈报进口报告书及其它有关表报,同时交验船舶证书及有关文书,并接受检查。船舶出港前,应呈报出口报告书及其它有关表报,经检查发给出口许可证后,才可出口。
第六条 船舶上的武器、弹药,应在船舶抵港后由港务监督予以封存。无线电报发射机、无线电话发射机、火箭信号、火焰信号、信号枪,只有在危急情况下才可以使用,但在使用后必须向港务监督报告。
第七条 港内禁止射击、游泳、钓鱼、鸣放鞭炮或焰火以及其它危及港口安全秩序的行为。
第八条 船舶有下列情况之一者,港务监督有权在一定期间内禁止其出港或令其停航、改航、返航:
一、处于不适航状态;
二、违反中华人民共和国的法律或规章;
三、发生海损事故;
四、未缴付应承担的款项,又未提供适当担保者;
五、其它需要禁止航行的情况。
第九条 航行在中华人民共和国港口和沿海水域的船舶,不得进行危害中华人民共和国安全和权益的活动,并应遵守有关海峡、水道、航线和禁航区的规定。
第十条 船舶在港内不得以危及其它船舶和港口设施安全的速度航行。
第十一条 船舶附属的艇(筏),除了救生以外,不准在港内航行。
第十二条 船舶在港内航行、移泊时,船上的艇(筏)、吊货杆和舷梯等,不得伸出舷外。
第十三条 需要进入中华人民共和国对外轮开放的港口避风或临时停泊的船舶应向港务监督申请批准,申请内容包括:船名、呼号、国籍、船公司名称、出发港、目的港、船位、航速、吃水、船体颜色、烟囱颜色和标志,并应在指定的地点避风。
船舶如需在中华人民共和国对外轮开放的港口以外的地点避风或临时停泊,除办理上述申请批准手续外,还应遵守下列规定:
一、及时向就近的港务监督报告抛锚时间、位置和驶离时间;
二、遵守当地有关部门的规定,接受检查和询问,并听从指挥;
三、未经当地有关部门批准,船上人员不得登陆,不得装卸货物。

第二章 停泊
第十四条 船舶在港内停泊,必须留有足以保证船舶安全操纵的船员值班,遇有台风警报等紧急情况,全体船员必须立即回船采取防范、应急等措施。
第十五条 船舶在船员、旅客和其他人员上下之处设置的舷梯必须稳固,并有栏杆或攀索,软梯必须牢固安全,夜间应有足够的照明。
第十六条 船舶需要活车时,必须注意尾部周围环境,在不危及其他船舶和港口设施安全的情况下才可进行。
第十七条 停泊在港内的船舶,其两舷可能影响其他船舶、码头或人员上下的出水口必须加盖复罩。
第十八条 船舶的灯光不得影响其他船舶的航行安全,船上射向航道的强灯光,应予以遮蔽。
第十九条 船舶对装卸操作应提供安全良好的条件,装卸设备应具有合格证书,保持良好的技术状态。
第二十条 船舶进行下列事项,应事先向港务监督申请批准:
一、拆修锅炉、主机、锚机、舵机、电台;
二、试航、试车;
三、放艇(筏)进行救生演习;
四、烧焊(进船厂修理的除外),或者在甲板上明火作业;
五、悬挂彩灯。
第二十一条 船舶熏蒸,应采取严密的安全措施,并应悬挂港口规定的信号。
第二十二条 为了维护港口和船舶的安全,需要在港内的船舶移泊或提前、推迟开航,船舶应遵守港务监督的决定。

第三章 信号和通讯
第二十三条 船舶在中华人民共和国港口和沿海水域航行、停泊,白天应悬挂船籍国的国旗,进出港口和移泊应加挂船名呼号旗和港口规定的有关信号。
第二十四条 船舶在进出港口和锚泊时,应注意港口信号台的呼叫和信号,在使用视觉信号时,应遵守中华人民共和国沿海港口信号规定。沿海港口未曾规定的信号,应依照《国际信号规则》办理。
第二十五条 船舶在港内除因航行安全必须外,不得随意鸣放声号。需要试笛时,应事先向港务监督报告。
第二十六条 船舶在港内使用甚高频无线电话,应遵守中华人民共和国交通部颁发的《关于外轮使用甚高频无线电话暂行办法》。

第四章 危险货物
第二十七条 船舶装卸、载运危险货物,应悬挂规定的信号,遵守有关危险货物运输管理的规定,采取必要的安全措施,特别是性能相抵触的货物,不许混装,严禁爆炸物品与发火物、易燃物品装载于同一舱内。
第二十八条 船舶载运爆炸物品、剧毒物品、放射性物品、压缩气体和液化气体、氧化剂、自燃物品、遇水燃烧物品、易燃液体、易燃固体和酸性腐蚀物品等一级烈性危险货物,应详细列具品名、性质、包装数量和装载位置,并且附具危险货物性质说明书,在预定到达港口三天之前,通过外轮代理公司向港务监督申请办理签证,经许可后才可进港、起卸或者过境。出口船舶载运上述危险货物,应在开始装载的三天以前,申请办理签证,经许可后才可装运。
第二十九条 船舶申请签发装运出口危险货物安全装载证明书,应在开始装载三天之前向港务监督提出书面申请,写明危险货物的品名、性质、包装、数量、装载位置(并且附具货物装载图)、中途港和目的港等事项并在港务监督指定的泊位进行装载。

第五章 航道保护
第三十条 船舶航行应遵守航行规定,维护航行秩序,如船舶发生意外事故有沉没危险时,应立即向港务监督报告,并尽力采取有效措施,驶离航道,避免妨碍交通和危及其他船舶。如果船舶已经沉没,船方应及时在沉没地点设置临时信号标志。
第三十一条 对沉没在港口或沿海水域的船舶或其他物体的打捞,均按照《中华人民共和国打捞沉船、沉物管理办法》办理。港务监督可视具体情况,通知沉船沉物所有人限期打捞清除,或立即组织打捞或解体清除,全部责任和费用应由沉船沉物所有人承担。
第三十二条 船舶发现或捞获沉、浮物体,应报告或送交港务监督处理,由港务监督酌情给予奖励。
第三十三条 船舶在港内需要倾倒垃圾等废弃物,应显示港口规定的信号招用垃圾船(车)。
第三十四条 船舶应爱护航道设备和助航标志,如损坏了助航标志、港口建筑或其他设施,应立即向港务监督报告,并应负责恢复原状或偿付恢复原状所需费用。

第六章 防止污染
第三十五条 在中华人民共和国的港口和沿海水域,禁止船舶任意排放油类、油性混合物,以及其他有害的污染物质和废弃物。
第三十六条 船舶排放压舱水、洗舱水、舱底水,必须向港务监督申请批准。如果船舶来自有疫情的港口,应经过卫生检疫机关卫生处理。装运危险货物和其他有害污染物船舱的污水、洗舱水,应经有关卫生部门鉴定合格后,方可在指定地点排放。
第三十七条 凡油轮和使用燃油的船舶,应备有油类记录簿,并且按照记录簿各项规定及时如实记载。
第三十八条 如船舶在港口和沿海水域发生污染事故,应将经过情况分别纪入油类记录簿和航海日志,并立即向港务监督报告,同时必须采取有效的措施防止扩散。如需采用化学剂处理,应提供化学成份说明书,向港务监督申请批准。
第三十九条 本章未列事项,按照中华人民共和国有关防止水域污染的规定办理。

第七章 消防和救助
第四十条 严禁在货舱以及易于引起船舶火警的场所吸烟和弄火。
第四十一条 船舶加油和油船装卸作业,应采取严密的防火安全措施。
第四十二条 船舶在港内进行烧焊等工程,应事先清理周围环境,采取严密防范措施,配备消防设备,并且在施工前后进行检查。对油舱及其邻近部位还必须卸完全部油料,清除残油,彻底通风,排除其内部易燃气体,并取得合格证明之后,才可以烧焊。
第四十三条 船舶失火或发生海难,应立即将出事地点和本船吨位、吃水、载货、受损和需要某种援助等情况报告港务监督。
第四十四条 港务监督在必要时,可动员和指挥在港内或沿海水域的船舶参加救助遇难船舶,在不影响本船安全的情况下,被动员的船舶有责任尽力救助。
第四十五条 港务监督或救助部门的负责人员到达现场,遇难船舶的船长应立即报告失事情况及已经采取的措施,提供救助必需的资料和方便,并且可以提出有关救助的建议。港务监督为维护安全秩序作出的决定,有关方面必须遵守。

第八章 海损事故
第四十六条 船舶发生海损事故,应尽速用电报或无线电话向港务监督报出扼要报告。在港区以外发出的海损事故,船长应在船舶进入第一港口四十八小时内,向港务监督递交海损事故报告书;在港区内发生的海损事故,船长应在二十四小时内向港务监督递交海损事故报告书。
第四十七条 船舶在中华人民共和国港口和沿海水域造成人命、财产损害事故时,应积极救助受害的船舶和人员,及时向港务监督报告,并接受调查和处理。如果肇事者见危不救,隐匿逃遁,将从严处理。
第四十八条 船舶发生船员死亡事故,应立即向港务监督报告。在港内由于船方或港方人员的过失,造成对方损害或伤亡事故等,应保留现场,双方都应及时向港务监督报告。如果发生纠纷,当事的任何一方,都可以向港务监督申请调查处理,涉及刑事范围的,由中华人民共和国司法机关处理。
第四十九条 本章未列事项,按照中华人民共和国交通部颁发的《海损事故调查和处理规则》办理。

第九章 违章处罚
第五十条 凡违反本规则以及中华人民共和国一切有关法令、规章和规定者,港务监督得按其性质、情节分别给予警告、罚款等处分,性质恶劣、情节严重者移交司法机关处理。
第五十一条 受处分者如果对所受处分不服,可以在接到通知的次日起十五日之内,向中华人民共和国港务监督局提出申诉。但在没有变更决定之前,原处分仍为有效。

第十章 附则
第五十二条 关于船舶避碰,本规则和中华人民共和国其他有关规定中未列事项,依照中华人民共和国施行的《国际海上避碰规则》办理。
第五十三条 本规则由中华人民共和国国务院批准施行,中华人民共和国交通部一九五七年三月十二日颁发的《中华人民共和国对外国籍船舶进出港口管理办法》同时废止。

RULES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING VESSELS OFFOREIGN NATIONALITY

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
RULES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING VESSELS OF
FOREIGN NATIONALITY
(Approved by the State Council on August 25, 1979) and promulgated
by the Ministry of Communications on September 18, 1979)
General Provisions
Article 1
These Rules are formulated in order to safeguard the sovereignty of the
People's Republic of China, maintain the order of ports and coastal
waters, ensure the safety of navigation and prevent the pollution of
waters.
Article 2
All vessels of foreign nationality sailing in the ports and coastal waters
of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as "vessels")
shall abide by these Rules and all the relevant decrees, stipulations and
provisions of the People's republic of China. Whenever the Harbour
Superintendency Administration set up by the Government of the People's
Republic of China is of the view that it is necessary to conduct
inspection of vessels, the vessels must subject themselves to inspection.
The term coastal waters as used in these Rules refers to the inland waters
and territorial seas of the People's Republic of China and the waters
stipulated by the State to be under its jurisdiction.

Chapter I Port Entry and Exit and Navigation
Article 3
The captain or the ship owner shall, through the China Ocean-shipping
Agency Corporation, one week before the scheduled arrival of his vessel at
a port, fill in the prescribed forms and go through the procedures to
apply for approval of port entry with the Harbour Superintendency
Administration and, 24 hours before the vessel's arrival at the port (or
if the voyage is less than 24 hours, at the time of departure from the
previous port), through the agent company for foreign vessels, report to
the Harbour Superintendency Administration on the scheduled time at
arrival, forward draft, stern draft, and other such conditions. A report
shall be made at any time if any change at the time of arrival is
anticipated. If in the course of its voyage, a vessel has to enter or
return to the port temporarily due to special circumstances such as
mishap, malfunction, or acute illness contracted by its seamen or
passengers, a report shall be made to the harbour Superintendency
Administration in advance.
Article 4
When a vessel goes into or out of a port or sails or changes berths in it,
it shall be guided by a pilot appointed by the Harbour Superintendency
Administration. The specific matters concerning pilotage shall be handled
in accordance with the "Provisions for Pilotage in Ports" promulgated by
the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China.
Article 5
Upon arrival of a vessel at a port, the entry and other relevant reports,
together with the certificate of registry and relevant documents shall be
submitted promptly for examination, and the vessel shall be subject to
inspection. Before a vessel goes out of a port, the exit and other
relevant reports shall be submitted and the vessel may go out only with an
exit permit issued after inspection.
Article 6
All weapons and ammunition on board a vessel shall be k ept under seal by
the Harbour Superintendency Administration upon arrival of the vessel at
the port. Radio telegraph transmitters, radio telephone transmitters,
rocket signals, flame signals and signal guns shall only be used in
conditions of emergency; and after such use, reports must be made to the
Harbour Superintendency Administration.
Article 7
It shall be forbidden, inside a port, to shoot, swim, fish or set off
fire-crackers or fireworks or do other acts likely to endanger the safety
and order of the port.
Article 8
The Harbour Superintendency Administration shall be entitled to prohibit a
vessel from going out of the port within a specified period of time, or
order it to suspend its voyage, change its course or return to the port if
the vessel is in any of the following conditions:
1. in an unseaworthy condition;
2. in contravention of the laws or regulations of the People's Republic of
China;
3. having involved in an accident of marine damage;
4. having failed to pay prescribed dues and to provide an appropriate
guarantee therefor;
5. other conditions which call for prohibition of navigation.
Article 9
Vessels sailing in the ports and coastal waters of the People's Republic
of China shall not engage in activities detrimental to the security,
rights and interests of the People's Republic of China and shall abide by
the provisions concerning straits, waterways, navigation lines and
restricted zones.
Article 10
Vessels shall not sail at such speed in ports as to endanger the safety of
other vessels and port facilities.
Article 11
The boats (rafts) attached to vessels shall not be allowed to sail in
ports except for lifesaving purposes.
Article 12
When sailing or changing berths in ports, vessels shall not have their
attached boats (rafts), derricks, gangways, etc. extended over the board
sides.
Article 13
Vessels that have to enter into a port of the People's Republic of China
which is open to foreign vessels for the purpose of taking shelter or
temporary berth shall apply to the Harbour Superintendency Administration
for approval; the application shall include: the ship's name, call sign,
nationality, name of the carrier, port of departure, port of destination,
ship's position, speed, draft, hull colour(s), funnel colour(s) and mark,
and shall take shelter at the specified place.
Vessels that have to take shelter or temporary berth in a place other than
the ports open to foreign vessels of the People's Republic of China shall,
in addition to going through the above procedures for the application for
approval, abide by the following:
1. duly report to the Harbour Superintendency Administration in the
neighbourhood on the anchoring time, position and the time of departure;
2. observe the provisions of the relevant local departments, subject
itself to inspection and enquiry and obey orders;
3. the personnel on board the vessel shall not come to land nor shall the
goods on board be unloaded without the approval of the relevant local
departments.

Chapter II Berthing
Article 14
Vessels berthed in a port shall have on duty a number of seamen sufficient
to ensure the safe operation of the vessel and, in times of a typhoon
warning or other emergency conditions, all crew members shall immediately
return on board to take preventive and other measures.
Article 15
The gangways of a vessel set up where the crew members, passengers and
other personnel embark and disembark shall be firm and secure and armed
with rails or hand ropes; rope ladders shall be firm and safe, with
adequate illumination at night.
Article 16
When a vessel has to start its engine, attention shall be paid to the
surroundings of the stern and it shall only be done in circumstances where
the safety of other vessels and port facilities will not be endangered.
Article 17
The water outlets on both sides of a vessel berthed in a port, which are
likely to affect other vessels, the pier or the embarkation and
disembarkation of personnel shall be covered.
Article 18
The light of a vessel shall not affect the safety of navigation of other
vessels and strong lights of the vessel projected towards the course of
navigation shall be blocked.
Article 19
Vessels shall provide safe and good conditions for loading and unloading
operations and the loading and unloading installations shall possess
certificates of compliances and be maintained in good technical condition.
Article 20
A vessel shall make prior applications to the Harbour Superintendency
Administration for approval to carry out the following operations:
1. dismantling and repair of boilers, main engine, windlasses, steering
gear and transmitters;
2. trial voyages and trial runs;
3. setting down boats (rafts) to carry out lifesaving rehearsal;
4. welding or soldering (except for repair in a dockyard) or carrying out
operations with uncovered light on the deck;
5. hanging out decorative lamps.
Article 21
In the fumigation of a vessel, strict safety measures shall be taken and
the signal stipulated by the Port shall be hoisted.
Article 22
To ensure safety of the port and vessels, the decisions of the Harbour
Superintendency Administration shall be complied with if any ship has to
change berths in the port or set sail ahead of schedule or postpone
sailing.

Chapter III Signals and Communication
Article 23
Vessels sailing or berthed in the ports and coastal waters of the People's
Republic of China shall fly the national flags of their countries of
registry in daytime. When coming into or going out of the ports or
changing berths, they shall additionally fly their vessel flags for call
and the relevant signals stipulated by the port.
Article 24
When coming into or going out of the port or anchoring, vessels shall pay
attention to the calls and signals of the port signal station and shall
observe the regulations of the People's Republic of China for signals in
coastal ports in the use of visual signals. In respect of signals not yet
stipulated by coastal ports, "International Rules for Signals" shall be
observed.
Article 25
Vessels in ports shall not send out sound signals at will except out of
necessity for navigation safety. When it is necessary to test whistles, a
report shall be submitted to the Harbour Superintendency Administration in
advance.
Article 26
In the use of very high frequency radio telephones in ports, vessels shall
abide by the "Interim Measures for the Use of Radio Telephones of Very-
high-frequency by Vessels of Foreign Registry" promulgated by the Ministry
of Communications of the People's Republic of China.

Chapter IV Dangerous Goods
Article 27
In loading, unloading or transportation of dangerous goods, the vessels
shall hoist the stipulated signals, observe the stipulations for the
administration of the transportation of dangerous goods and take necessary
safety measures. In particular, goods with mutually-conflicting properties
shall not be loaded in a mixed way and it shall strictly be prohibited to
load explosive articles together with igniters or combustible articles in
the same holds.
Article 28
In carrying Class-1 strongly dangerous goods such as explosive articles,
deadly poisonous articles, radioactive articles, compressed gases and
liquefied gases, oxidizers, spontaneous combustible articles, articles
that ignite when in contact with water, combustible liquids, combustible
solids and acid corrosives, vessels shall list in detail the names of the
goods, their properties, package, quantity and loading position, and also
attach the instructions concerning the properties of the dangerous goods
to the lists and apply to the Harbour Superintendency Administration
through the agent companies for foreign vessels for clearance visas three
days before their scheduled arrival at the ports. Only with approval may
they enter the port, unload goods, or pass through the transit. To carry
the above mentioned dangerous goods, outgoing vessels shall apply for
clearance visas three days before the start of loading. Only with
approval may they load and carry.
Article 29
In applying for the safety certificates for loading and carrying dangerous
goods for export, vessels shall make written applications to the Harbour
Superintendency Administration three days before the start of loading,
clearly stating the names of the dangerous goods, their properties,
package, quantity, loading position (also attached with loading plans of
the goods), midway ports, port of destination, etc. Loading shall be done
at the berths specified by the Harbour Superintendency Administration.

Chapter V Safeguard of Navigation Lanes
Article 30
In navigation, vessels shall abide by the provisions for and maintain the
order of navigation. If a vessel encounters an accident and is in danger
of sinking, it shall promptly report to the Harbour Superintendency
Administration and take effective measures as best as it can to sail out
of the lane so as not to obstruct navigation and endanger other vessels.
If the vessel has sunk, the vessel side shall duly set up a temporary
signal mark at the place of its sinking.
Article 31
The salvage of vessels or other articles which have sunk in the ports or
coastal waters shall be handled in accordance with the "Measures of the
People's Republic of China for the Administration of the Salvage of Sunken
Vessels and Sunken Articles". The Harbour Superintendency Administration
shall, according to particular circumstances, notify the owners of the
sunken vessels or sunken articles to salvage and remove them within a
prescribed period, or promptly organize the salvage or dismantlement and
removal; the entire responsibilities and expenses shall be borne by the
owners of the sunken ship and sunken articles.
Article 32
If a vessel, finds or dredges up any sunken or floating article, it shall
report, or hand it over for handling, to the Harbour Superintendency
Administration, which shall give awards at its discretion.
Article 33
If a vessel has to dump rubbish and other refuse in a port, it shall
display the signal stipulated by the port to call up a rubbish boat (or
truck).
Article 34
Vessels shall take good care of lane installations and navigational aids.
If a vessel has damaged any navigational aid, port construction or other
facilities, it shall promptly report to the Harbour Superintendency
Administration and undertake to restore them or pay compensation for the
restoration.

Chapter VI Prevention of Pollution
Article 35
In the ports and coastal waters of the People's Republic of China, vessels
shall be prohibited from wilfully draining away oils, oil mixtures and
other pernicious pollutants and wastes.
Article 36
Vessels shall apply to the Harbour Superintendency Administration for
approval for draining away ballast water, washing water from holds or
bilge water. A vessel that comes from an epidemic-affected port shall go
through the hygienic treatment of the quarantine. The bilge water and
washing water from the holds of vessels carrying dangerous goods and other
pernicious pollutants may be drained at specified places only after
appraisal which indicates that they meet the standards of the public
health department concerned.
Article 37
All oil tankers and vessels using fuel oil shall possess oils registers
and duly and truly make entries therein in accordance with various
provisions of the registers.
Article 38
If polluting accidents occur with vessels in the ports or coastal waters,
they shall record the course of events separately in their oils registers
and sea logs, promptly report to the Harbour Superintendency
Administration and at the same time take effective measures to prevent
diffusion of the pollutants. If treatment with chemicals is required, it
is necessary to apply to the Harbour Superintendency Administrations for
approval, and provide them with the instructions of the chemical
ingredients.
Article 39
Matters not included in this chapter shall be handled in accordance with
the provisions of the People's Republic of China relating to the
prevention of pollution of waters.

Chapter VII Fire Control and Rescue
Article 40
It shall strictly be forbidden to smoke or make fires in cargo holds or
other places prone to fire on board the vessels.
Article 41
Strict fire-prevention and safety measures shall be taken for the
refueling of vessels and for the loading and unloading operations of oil
tankers.
Article 42
To perform such engineering projects as welding or soldering on board a
vessel, the surroundings, shall be cleared in advance, strict precaution
measures be taken, firefighting equipment be made ready and inspection be
conducted before and after the operations. The oil tanks and their
adjacent parts shall necessarily be emptied of all oil materials, cleared
of residues of oil, thoroughly ventilated, with their internal combustible
gases discharged and certified as up-to-standard before welding or
soldering can be carried out.
Article 43
If a vessel catches fire or encounters a sea peril, it shall promptly
report to the Harbour Superintendency Administration such conditions as
scene of the accident, tonnage of vessel, draft, cargo carried, damages,
and the kind of assistance required.
Article 44
If necessary, the Harbour Superintendency Administration may mobilize and
command the vessels in the port or coastal waters to take part in the
rescue of a vessel in trouble and under the circumstances that their own
safety will not be affected, the mobilized vessels have the responsibility
to partake in the rescue as best as they can.
Article 45
When the Harbour Superintendency Administration or leading members of the
rescue department arrive at the scene, the captain of the vessel in
trouble shall promptly report the state of the accident and the measures
which have been taken and supply the data and facilities required for the
rescue. He may also make suggestions concerning the rescue. The parties
concerned shall observe the decisions made by the Harbour Superintendency
Administration for the maintenance of security and order.

Chapter VIII Accidents of Damages at Sea
Article 46
When an accident of damages at sea occurs to a vessel, it shall make a
summary report to the Harbour Superintendency Administration by telegraph
or radio-telephone as soon as possible. With regard to the occurrence of
an accident of damages at sea outside a port area, the captain shall
submit a report about the accident to the Harbour Superintendency
Administration within forty-eight hours of the vessel's entry into the
first port of call. With regard to the occurrence of an accident of
damages at sea within the port, the captain shall submit a report about
the accident to the Harbour Superintendency Administration within 24
hours.
Article 47
When a vessel causes an accident in the port or coastal waters of the
People's Republic of China, which results in the loss of human life and
damage to property, it shall actively attempt to rescue the damaged vessel
and injured personnel, promptly report the matter to the Harbour
Superintendency Administration and subject itself to investigation and
handling. The troublemaker who does not rescue those in danger but hides
itself or runs away shall be severely dealt with.
Article 48
If the death of a seaman occurs on board a vessel, the vessel shall
promptly make a report to the Harbour Superintendency Administration. If
the default of personnel of the vessel side or the port side gives rise to
damage or injury or death to the other side, the scene shall be kept
intact and both sides shall duly report to the Harbour Superintendency
Administration. If a dispute occurs, any party concerned may apply to the
Harbour Superintendency Administration for investigation and handling.
Those involving crimes shall be dealt with by the judicial organs of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 49
Matters which are not included in this Chapter shall be handled in
accordance with the "Rules for the Investigation and Handling of Accidents
of Damage at Sea promulgated by the Ministry of Communications of the
People's Republic of China.

Chapter IX Punishments on Contravention of Regulations
Article 50
The Harbour Superintendency Administration shall impose such punishments
as a warning or a fine, according to the nature and seriousness of the
offence, on anyone who has contravened these Regulations and any other
relevant decrees, provisions and regulations of the People's Republic of
China. Those of a vile and serious nature shall be handed over to, and
dealt with by, the judicial organs.
Article 51
If the punished party does not accept the punishment, he can make an
appeal to the Harbour Superintendency Administration of the People's
Republic of China within 15 days of receipt of the notice. Before
alteration of the decision, however, the original punishment shall still
take effect.

Chapter X Supplementary Provisions
Article 52
With regard to the prevention of collision of vessels, matters which are
not included in these Regulations and other relevant provisions of the
People's Republic of China shall be handled in accordance with the
"International Rules For the Avoidance of Collision at Sea" implemented by
the People's Republic of China.
Article 53
These Regulations shall be put into effect as of the date of promulgation
by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Concurrently
therewith, the "Measures of the People's Republic of China For the
Administration of Port Entry and Exit by Vessels of Foreign Registry"
promulgated by the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of
China on March 12, 1957 shall be annulled.


最高人民法院 最高人民检察院关于贪污、受贿、投机倒把等犯罪分子必须在限期内自首坦白的通知

最高人民法院 最高人民检察院


最高人民法院 最高人民检察院关于贪污、受贿、投机倒把等犯罪分子必须在限期内自首坦白的通知

1989年8月15日,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院

坚决惩治腐败,同贪污、受贿、投机倒把等经济领域内的严重犯罪活动作斗争,是党的十三届四中全会确定的一项重要任务,是人民群众普遍关心的事情。对于严重经济犯罪活动,必须予以严厉打击。查处这类犯罪案件,要坚持以事实为依据,以法律为准绳和公民在法律面前一律平等的原则,坚决贯彻惩办与宽大相结合,坦白从宽、抗拒从严的政策。凡触犯刑律,构成犯罪的,均应予以追究;凡在限期内投案自首、坦白、立功的,均应予以从宽处理。为了给犯罪分子一个悔过自新的机会,严惩那些拒不悔罪的犯罪分子,根据1989年7月27日和28日举行的中共中央政治局全体会议的建议和有关法律规定,特作如下通告:
一、国家工作人员犯贪污罪、受贿罪、投机倒把罪的,企业事业单位、机关、团体犯投机倒把罪、受贿罪的直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,自本通告发布之日起,至1989年10月31日,必须向检察机关、公安机关、人民法院或者其他有关部门或本单位投案自首,坦白交代犯罪事实,争取从宽处理。
二、在上述期限内,凡投案自首,积极退赃的,或者有检举立功表现的,依照刑法第63条、第59条的规定,一律从宽处理。其中,犯罪特别严重,依法应判处死刑的,可以从轻或者减轻处罚,不判处死刑;犯罪较重,依法应判处重刑的,可以从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚;犯罪较轻,依法应判处轻刑的,可以减轻处罚或者免除处罚。
被采取强制措施后坦白全部罪行,积极退赃的,或者有检举立功表现的,参照前款规定,酌情予以从宽处理。
三、凡在规定期限内,拒不投案自首,坦白交代问题的;销毁证据,转移赃款赃物的;互相串通,订立攻守同盟的;或者畏罪潜逃,拒不归案的,坚决依法从严惩处。
四、凡掌握、了解犯罪情况的人,都有义务向司法机关或者有关部门进行检举揭发。对于检举揭发人,应依法予以保护。对检举揭发有功人员,应给予奖励。
对执法人员和检举揭发作证人员进行阻挠、威胁、打击报复的,按刑法第157条妨害公务罪或者第146条报复陷害罪的规定从重处罚。
对乘机捏造事实诬告陷害他人的,按刑法第138条诬告陷害罪的规定从重处罚。
五、严禁对违法犯罪分子说情袒护、徇私包庇。包庇、窝藏犯罪分子的,按刑法第162条包庇罪、窝藏罪的规定从重处罚,为犯罪分子隐匿、销毁罪证,出具或者制造伪证的,按刑法第148条伪证罪的规定从重处罚。
六、本通告第一条规定以外的其他经济犯罪分子,在通告规定的期限内自首坦白、检举立功的,也适用本通告第二条的规定。
七、本通告发布后,正在办理的贪污、受贿、投机倒把等经济犯罪案件,犯罪分子有自首坦白、检举立功情节的,适用本通告第二条的规定。

附:有关法律条文:
一、有关从宽处理的法律规定
刑法第六十三条 犯罪以后自首的,可以从轻处罚。其中,犯罪较轻的,可以减轻或者免除处罚;犯罪较重的,如果有立功表现,也可以减轻或者免除处罚。
第五十九条 犯罪分子具有本法规定的减轻处罚情节的,应当在法定刑以下判处刑罚。
犯罪分子虽然不具有本法规定的减轻处罚情节,如果根据案件的具体情况,判处法定刑的最低刑还是过重的,经人民法院审判委员会决定,也可以在法定刑以下判处刑罚。
刑事诉讼法第一百零一条 依照刑法规定不需要判处刑罚或者免除刑罚的,人民检察院可以免予起诉。
二、关于妨害公务罪、报复陷害罪等罪的规定妨害公务罪:
刑法第一百五十七条 以暴力、威胁方法阻碍国家工作人员依法执行职务的,或者拒不执行人民法院已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定的,处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、罚金或者剥夺政治权利。
报复陷害罪:
刑法第一百四十六条 国家工作人员滥用职权、假公济私,对控告人、申诉人、批评人实行报复陷害的,处二年以下有期徒刑或者拘役;情节严重的,处二年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
诬告陷害罪:
刑法第一百三十八条 严禁用任何方法、手段诬告陷害干部、群众。凡捏造事实诬告陷害他人(包括犯人)的,参照所诬陷的罪行的性质、情节、后果和量刑标准给予刑事处分。国家工作人员犯诬陷罪的,从重处罚。
不是有意诬陷,而是错告,或者检举失实的,不适用前款规定。
窝藏罪、包庇罪:
刑法第一百六十二条 窝藏或者作假证明包庇反革命分子的,处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制;情节严重的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。
窝藏或者作假证明包庇其他犯罪分子的,处二年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制;情节严重的,处二年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
伪证罪:
刑法第一百四十八条 在侦查、审判中,证人、鉴定人、记录人、翻译人对与案件有重要关系的情节,故意作虚假证明、鉴定、记录、翻译,意图陷害他人或者隐匿罪证的,处二年以下有期徒刑或者拘役;情节严重的,处二年以上七年以下有期徒刑。



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